Lifestyle modifications

NUTRITION

  • Avoid excessive sodium intake (< 5g/day) (1)
  • Avoid large volumes of fluid intake (2)
  • Avoid excessive alcohol intake (2)

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

  • Regular physical activity (2)
  • Improves exercise tolerance and capacity, health related QOL, and reduces hospitalization (2)
  • High intensity interval training improves peak oxygen consumption, VO2 (2)
  • Supervised exercise rehabilitation program is recommended for people who are frail, and have more severe disease (2)

SMOKING

  • Smoking cessation is recommended (2)

WEIGHT

  • Maintain a normal weight (2)

PREVENTION

  • Regular physical activity (2)
  • Smoking cessation (2)
  • Maintain a normal weight (2)
  • Avoid excessive alcohol intake (2)
  • A healthy diet (2)

Resources

EXPLANATION TO EVIDENCE PRESENTATION

Figure: Evidence pyramid

​Evidence based on guidelines and evidence based Clinical Decision Systems is written in BOLD font

​Evidence based on meta analysis or systematic reviews is written in BOLD and CURSIVE font

​Evidence based on randomized controlled trials is written in PLAIN font

​Evidence based on observational / cohort studies is written in CURSIVE font